Chong, Alberto; Gianmarco León‐Ciliotta, Vivian Roza, Martín Valdivia y Gabriela Vega (2019). Urbanization Patterns, Information Diffusion, and Female Voting in Rural Paraguay. American Journal of Political Science, 63(2), pp. 265-508.

Researchers use a field experiment to evaluate the impact of two informational get-out-the-vote campaigns to boost female electoral participation in rural areas of Paraguay. They find that public rallies had a small and insignificant effect either on registration or voter turnout in the 2013 presidential elections. Households that received door-to-door canvassing treatment were 4.6 percentage points more likely to vote. Experimental variation on the intensity of the treatment at the locality level allows researchers to estimate spillover effects, which are present in localities that are geographically more concentrated, which may favor social interactions and diffusion of information. Reinforcement effects on the already treated population are twice as large as diffusion effects on the untreated. The results underscore the importance of taking into account urbanization patterns when designing informational campaigns.