Education and Learning
In the past several years, there have been improvements in Peruvian education. For example, enrollment rates have increased, and there is an observable trend toward improvement in standardized test scores. However, there is still much to be done in terms of the quality, equality, and relevance of education in Peru.
Therefore, all GRADE studies focus on identifying the existing challenges for the Peruvian educational system in achieving its intended impact on society. In these studies, GRADE researchers place significant emphasis on educational inequality. As such, our researchers have conducted studies on the effects of poverty, living in rural areas, race and ethnicity (with a focus on indigenous peoples and the Afro-Peruvian community), and disability on educational opportunities and success. GRADE researchers have likewise incorporated a gender component into many studies.
Informed by these studies as well as others, GRADE researchers have been directly involved in policy debates in numerous sectors of government, including those of the Ministry of Education and other institutions working on topics in education.
Senior Researchers
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Lorena Alcázar Valdivia
PhD en Economics - Washington University
Lorena has a BA in Economics from the Pacific University in Peru, a Master’s Degree in Political and International Economy from the Kiel Institute of World Economics, and a PhD in Economics from Washington University. She is currently a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE). Previously, she served as Vice-President […]
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) where she has a broad portfolio of both applied and academic research. Her applied work focuses on the analysis and qualitative evaluation of educational and social policies, with a special focus on processes of policy implementation. Her academic work has mostly focused […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Santiago Cueto Caballero
PhD en Educational Psychology - Indiana University
Santiago Cueto holds a degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and a PhD in the same field from Indiana University in the United States. He has been a Visiting Researcher at the University of California at Davis and the University of Oxford. He is currently a Senior Researcher at GRADE, […]
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Gabriela Guerrero Barnechea
PhD en Educational Sciences - KU Leuven
Gabriela Guerrero has a PhD in Educational Sciences from the KU Leuven in Belgium and a Master’s Degree in Development Studies with a major in Public Policy from the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague, The Netherlands. She has a Bachelor’s Degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She is currently a […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui
M.A. en Sociology - Johns Hopkins University
Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui graduated in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She obtained her MA and concluded her doctoral studies in Sociology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. She has worked for GRADE as a Senior Researcher since 1985 and was Executive Director of the institution between 1988 and 1998. Her […]
Associated Researchers
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Vanessa Rojas Arangoitia
PhD candidate en - Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Vanessa is studying for a PhD in Sociology at Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She has a degree in Anthropology and a Master’s degree in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Her work has focused on the anthropology of education and childhood, addressing issues of educational transitions, child welfare, educational quality and power relations. During 2012, she […]
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
Adjunct Researchers
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Antonio Campos Flores
PhD candidate en - University of San Andrés, Argentina
Antonio is a PhD Candidate in Economics from the University of San Andrés in Argentina. He holds a Master’s Degree in Economics from the University of San Andrés and a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. He has been a coordinator of educational policy evaluations at the Ministry of […]
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Liliana Miranda Molina
Master en - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Liliana has a master’s degree in Education Research from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). She worked at the Ministry of Education (MINEDU), first as Head of MINEDU’s Quality Measurement Unit and then as Vice-Minister of Pedagogical Management. Currently, Liliana is an Adjunct […]
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María Fernanda Rodríguez García
Master en - Cambridge University
María Fernanda holds a master’s degree in Education, Globalization & International Development from Cambridge University in United Kingdom and a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She returns to GRADE as an Adjunct Researcher.
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Paola Sarmiento Huerta
Master in Arts en - University of British Columbia
Paola holds a MA on Educational Policy from University of British Columbia (UBC) and has a degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She has been part of educational reform processes in Peru such as the Public Teaching Career and the University Reform. In addition, she has been a member of the […]
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Claudia Sugimaru Arakaki
Máster en Educational Sciences - KU Leuven
Claudia holds a Master’s degree in Educational Sciences from KU Leuven in Belgium and a degree in Psychology with a major in Education from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Currently, she is an Adjunct Researcher at GRADE.
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Jessica Tapia Soriano
Master en - Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO)
Jessica holds a Master’s degree in Social Sciences with an orientation on Education from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Argentina. Currently she is an Adjunct Researcher at GRADE and the Pedagogical Coordinator of the Growing with Multigrade Rural Schools in Peru (CREER) Project.
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Verónica Villarán Bedoya
Master en - Social Sciences with an orientation on Education
Verónica holds a Degree in Social Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and a Master’s degree in Social Sciences with an orientation on Education from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Argentina. Between 2011 and 2014 she worked at the Ministry of Education, first as Director of Educational Research and Documentation and […]
Assistant Researchers
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Mauricio Saavedra Sánchez
Degree en -
Mauricio holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and studies the master in Political Science and Goverment from the same university. He returns to GRADE as an Assistant Researcher for the E-Tech Initiative project: where are we and how research can help learning in the developing world?
External Consultants
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Marcela Ponce de León
Master en - University College London
Marcela holds a Master in Policy Studies in Education from the University College London, UK and has a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She returns to GRADE as a consultant for the “Design of an evidence-based project on early childhood development in Peru for the Porticus Foundation” project lead by Gabriela […]
Research Assistants
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Gera Ríos Espinoza
Graduate en -
Gera is a graduate of Economics at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Gera is a research assistant in the “Conecta Ideas” project.
Project Support Staff
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Mónica Lizama Egoavil
Degree en - National Agrarian University
Mónica studied Statistical and Computer Science Engineer at the National University Agrarian La Molina. Currently she is the Data Manager for Young Lives in Peru. Before joining Young Lives, Mónica worked as a statistics assistant at the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (INEI) and the International Nutrition Institute (IIN).
External Affiliated Researchers
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David Baker
PhD en - Johns Hopkins University
David P. Baker is Professor of Education and Sociology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research focuses on the impact of education on individuals and societies, international comparisons of school organization, academic outcomes, and educational policy. His most recent book is The Schooled Society: The Educational Transformation of Global Culture. Palo Alto CA: Stanford University […]
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Jere R. Behrman
Ph.D. en - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Professor Behrman is a leading international researcher in empirical microeconomics, with emphasis on developing economies. He is also a Research Associate at Penn’s Population Studies Center. His research interests include empirical microeconomics, labor economics, human resources (early childhood development, education, health, nutrition), project evaluation, economic demography, incentive systems and household behaviors. The unifying dimension of […]
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Marjorie Chinen
PhD en - University of California
Marjorie is a Ph.D. in Education with emphasis on Advanced Quantitative Methods in Social Research Methodology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She has over 15 years of experience in project management, technical assistance, research and fieldwork in international development. She has led multiple projects in different areas of education, and designed and […]
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Marta Favara
PhD en - University of Essex
Marta is a Senior Researcher at the Oxford Department of International Development at the University of Oxford where she is leading the quantitative research agenda of Young Lives since 2015. She is also a Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School Programme on African Governance and an IZA Research Affiliate. Before joining Young Lives, she […]
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Sonia Laszlo
PhD en - University of Toronto
Sonia Laszlo is Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute for the Study of International Development. Her main research areas cover many aspects of applied microeconomic analysis in economic development: rural development, access to markets, and the relationship between income, health and education in economic development. In addition to using traditional analytic tools […]
Visiting Researchers
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Claudia Galindo
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Claudia holds a Ph.D. in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University, and a post-doctoral degree in Social Organization of Schools from Johns Hopkins University. She is an Associated Professor at University of Maryland, Baltimore County where she teaches in the fields of educational inequalities, inmigration and research methodologies.
Publications
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El derecho a estudiar: Inclusión de niñas, niños y adolescentes migrantes venezolanos al sistema educativo peruano
2021 Lorena Alcazar, Maria Balarin
Perú es, después de Colombia, el país a donde más familias venezolanas han emigrado en búsqueda de nuevas oportunidades. Al ingresar al país, las niñas, niños y adolescentes venezolanos y sus familias se enfrentan a situaciones de vulnerabilidad social debido a su condición de personas migrantes. Si bien el Estado peruano ha hecho importantes esfuerzos […]
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The slow development process of educational policies in Peru
Examining educational policy in Latin America: comprehensive insights into contemporary reform2021 Maria Balarin
This book synthesizes and analyzes the complex map of educational reforms in Latin America in the first two decades of the 21st century. The book offers insights into the agendas, processes and political economy of educational reforms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The chapters present systematic, critical and reflective accounts of an intense […]
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¿Qué diferencia hacen las escuelas? Un estudio de métodos mixtos en colegios secundarios del Perú
2021 Juan Leon, Gabriela Guerrero, Santiago Cueto, Paul Glewwe
The study on which this policy document is based analyzes which factors are associated with good results of students in public secondary educational institutions (IE), despite their adverse socioeconomic condition. For this purpose, a mixed methods design is used that follows a sequential explanatory model, which allows us to explore the effect of different types […]
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What difference do schools make? A mixed methods study in secondary schools in Peru
2021 Juan Leon, Gabriela Guerrero, Santiago Cueto, Paul Glewwe
This study contributes to the scarce literature on school effectiveness in secondary education in Peru by addressing the following questions: i) which educational processes within schools are most influential in math and reading comprehension? and in the case of the most effective schools, ii) what is the importance that principals, teachers, and students place on […]
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Estratificación de los retornos a la educación superior en el Perú: el rol de la calidad de la educación y las opciones de carrera
2021 Alan Sanchez, Marta Favara, Catherine Porter
Este documento de política analiza la situación de América Latina y el Caribe con respecto a sus niveles de crecimientos en la tasa de asistencia a educación superior. En el caso del Perú, la tasa bruta de asistencia en este nivel aumentó entre el 2001 y el 2019 (para jóvenes de 17 a 21 años). […]
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Medición del desarrollo infantil en América Latina: construyendo una agenda regional
2016
Este documento fue escrito en base a las discusiones que tuvieron lugar en el Seminario sobre Medición del Desarrollo Infantil en Lima del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2016, organizado por el Diálogo Interamericano, GRADE y el Banco Mundial, con el apoyo de CAF – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, la Fundación Baltazar […]
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Sistematización: la experiencia del Minedu en la capacitación a servidores públicos durante el periodo 2012-2016: aprendizajes y buenas prácticas
2016
La presente sistematización describe y analiza la experiencia de gestión de la capacitación a servidores públicos del Ministerio de Educación (Minedu), llevada a cabo desde una perspectiva del desarrollo de capacidades, en el marco de la modernización de la gestión educativa y de la implementación del Plan de Desarrollo de las Personas (PDP) de ese […]
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Understanding Children´s Experiences of Violence in Peru: Evidence from Young Lives
2016Gabriela Guerrero, Vanessa Rojas,
This paper describes children’s experiences of violence at home in Peru, using a lifecourse approach. Violence against children at home tended to increase with age, as children took on more chores (especially in rural areas), and spent more time away from home (in some cases, in urban areas). The chances of being hit by parents […]
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Evaluación de impacto de la jornada escolar completa
2016
Los bajos niveles de aprendizaje de los adolescentes en el Perú demandan la identificación de políticas educativas que logren, efectivamente, mejorar estos niveles y cerrar brechas. Este reporte presenta la evaluación de impacto de una ambiciosa política educativa, la Jornada Escolar Completa (JEC), que se empezó a implementar en el año escolar del 2015 en […]
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JournalRevista Peruana de Investigación Educativa
Factores de eficacia escolar en el uso de laptops del programa OLPC
2011, Santiago Cueto, Alan Sanchez, ,
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JournalAmerican Behavorial Scientist
The changing governance of education: a comparative political economy perspective on hybridity
2014Maria Balarin,
This paper explores the changing governance of education in two distinct contexts: England and Peru. While there are major differences between these two cases, the paper argues that a common agenda can be identified where an increasing degree of organizational hybridity is patent—where the traditionally distinct goals and rationales of public and private sectors are […]
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JournalOxford Review of Education
The relationship between socioeconomic status at age one, opportunities to learn and achievement in mathematics in fourth grade in Peru
2014Santiago Cueto, Gabriela Guerrero, Juan Leon, , ,
Utilizando información longitudinal de Young Lives para Perú, se explora la relación entre el NSE medido desde el primer año de edad, las oportunidades de aprendizaje y los logros de aprendizaje en matemáticas 10 años después.
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JournalJournal of Development Effectiveness
Getting teachers back to the classroom. A systematic review on what works to improve teacher attendance in developing countries
2013Gabriela Guerrero, Juan Leon, , Santiago Cueto,
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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JournalCNE Opina
Evaluaciones estandarizadas del rendimiento escolar
2013Santiago Cueto,
El más reciente boletín del Consejo Nacional de Educación (CNE), CNE Opina nº 36, reflexiona sobre el objetivo de las evaluaciones estandarizadas y cómo se han implementado en el Perú.
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Asistencia y deserción en colegios secundarios rurales
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Lorena Alcazar,
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Prácticas docentes en colegios secundarios rurales
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Maria Balarin, Martín Benavides, , ,
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Perfil del director y del docente del colegio secundario rural
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Miguel Jaramillo,
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El colegio: características, recursos y el entorno de la comunidad
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Miguel Jaramillo,
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Desarrollo infantil y rendimiento escolar en el Perú
Investigación, políticas y desarrollo en el Perú2007Santiago Cueto, Juan Leon,
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Demanda social por programas de atención y educación de la primera infancia (AEPI) en el Perú
2014Gabriela Guerrero, Juan Leon,
Aportes de información relevante para planificar el escalamiento de los servicios de los programas de AEPI a través de las percepciones y opiniones de sus actores clave en dos regiones del país.
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From Supply- to Demand-led: Labour Training in Latin America
2013Miguel Jaramillo,
This Brief begins by describing general features of the shift to a demand-led approach to labour training and highlights some of the main programmes in the region.
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Yo así cuando voy a otro pueblo, no sé el castellano, no puedo hablar con nadie, soy muda: Usos y actitudes hacia el castellano y las lenguas originarias en la escuela pública rural
2012,
Boletín sobre la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB) ofrecida para atender el derecho de los niños y niñas indígenas del país a recibir una educación pertinente a sus características culturales y lingüísticas.
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Menos desiguales: la distribución del ingreso luego de las reformas estructurales
2011
Menos desiguales: la distribución del ingreso luego de las reformas estructurales.
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¿Derecho vulnerado?: gratuidad de la educación pública, contribuciones económicas familiares y equidad / La medición de la calidad de vida en Lima Metropolitana
2008Martín Benavides, ,
¿Derecho vulnerado?: gratuidad de la educación pública, contribuciones económicas familiares y equidad / La medición de la calidad de vi
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Descentralización, organismos intermedios y equidad educativa: un estudio de casos de las Unidades de Gestión Educativa Local – UGEL
2008Nestor Valdivia, , ,
La obra contiene un diagnóstico del estado actual del sistema educativo de Perú, análisis realizado a través de una evaluación de su marco normativo y de los procesos de descentralización.
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The school governance study
2008Maria Balarin,
This study analysed the policy and research literature relevant to school governing. It carried out 43 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, undertook a large scale random on-line survey of over 5000 school governors and elicited the views of 42 headteachers.
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Más crecimiento, más equidad: Prioridades de desarrollo en Guatemala
2008,
La estructura y selección de temas de la presente publicación responde, en su mayor parte, a un diagnóstico de crecimiento para Guatemala realizado en 2007, donde se identificaron un conjunto de factores que afectan las posibilidades de desarrollo del país. A lo largo de las páginas hay un reconocimiento tácito de que, si bien todos […]
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Investigación, políticas y desarrollo en el Perú
2007Eduardo Zegarra, Javier Escobal, Carmen Ponce, Juana Kuramoto, Manuel Glave, Lorena Alcazar, Miguel Jaramillo, , Juan Jose Diaz, Nancy Birdsall, Maximo Torero, Santiago Cueto, Martín Benavides, Juan Leon, Martin Valdivia, Nestor Valdivia,
Este libro recoge las Mimeos presentadas en la conferencia Investigación, políticas y desarrollo, realidad en el marco del 25 aniversario del Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo.
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Education and Learning en la categoría Mimeo
Projects
- Articles on results obtained by the Regional Child Development Indicators Project (PRIDI)September 2012 - December 2012
- Equality and equity in learning in PeruSeptember 2012 - December 2012
- Support to the organization of virtual activities towards the Seventh International Education ConferenceJuly 2012 - January 2013
- One Laptop per Child at home. Supervision, monitoring and training workshops for teachers and pupilsJune 2012 - October 2012
- Incremental Places Determination System for Regular Basic Education (Design Evaluation and Public Budget Execution)May 2012 - October 2012
- One Laptop per Child at home. Technology and human capital: interventions at home: general supervision, training and monitoring. Second stageFebruary 2012 - June 2012
- Teacher absenteeism: Associated factors and effect on performanceFebruary 2012 - February 2013
- Individual and family characteristics, educational opportunities and school performance: a longitudinal study in PeruDecember 2011 - December 2012
- The effects of characteristics of students and of their secondary education institutions on their transition towards higher education (or towards the labor market): A longitudinal study in Metropolitan Lima.November 2011 - October 2012
- One Laptop per Child at Home. Technology and human capital: home interventions: general supervision, training and monitoring.July 2011 - December 2011
News
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Hugo Ñopo shares his thoughts on the Congress’ project to allocate no less than 6% of GDP to education
July 7, 2020 Education and learning
“Three-quarters of educational spending is teachers ‘salaries. It is nonsense for teachers’ salaries to fluctuate. It is absolutely wrong and it puts incentives quite perverse.” Hugo Ñopo, senior researcher at GRADE, and other experts consulted by El Comercio shared their opinion on the recent reform approved by Congress to modify the constitution and establish that the State […]
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Opinion Article, Media GRADE, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Santiago Cueto in El Peruano: “Today, more than ever, early childhood is in the hands of families”
May 14, 2020 Education and learning
“Today, more than ever, those first years of life are in the hands of families. Although families cannot assume health-related interventions, they can take on some educational aspects. We do not need to be initial education teachers to think and give time so that our girls and boys get involved in different activities related to […]
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La República recoge opinión de Hugo Ñopo sobre el mito de que la educación privada
April 24, 2020 Education and learning
“Already the senior researcher at GRADE, Hugo Ñopo, has been explaining that, in Peru, the myth that private education exceeds public education is not always the case. For example, he explained that in the poor districts of Lima, the Public schools have better quality than private schools, both in infrastructure and in teaching staff and […]
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Interview, Media GRADE, GRADE frente al COVID-19
“The public school could be important again for the formation of democratic and healthy citizenships”, by Verónica Villarán via La Mula
April 23, 2020 Education and learning
“The economic crisis could generate migration from the private to the public school, which will be available. The public school could once again be of importance for the formation of democratic and healthy citizenships, so that we can all meet again in the public school. That would be an advantage, a gain in the midst […]
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Opinion Article, Media GRADE, GRADE frente al COVID-19
The other victims: Covid-19 expone la desigualdad, por Lorena Alcázar vía Ojo Público
April 21, 2020 Education and learning, Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Poverty and equality
More than a month after the quarantine started, the situation is uncertain and worrying for thousands of families. The impact of measures to tackle the pandemic is not the same for everyone. Women have a greater presence in the sectors hardest hit by the crisis: commerce (26% versus 13% of men) and services (44% versus […]
Events
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Martín Benavides discussed the progress and challenges of going back to school at a PUCP event
07/10/2021 12:00 pm - 1:45 pm Facebook de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la PUCP Education and learning
Our Senior Researcher Martín Benavides was a panelist at the discussion Going back to school in Peru, analysis and challenges, held by the School of Social Sciences and the School of Education at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). Martín joined the virtual evento together with Regina Moromizato (PUCP) and Elena Vizurraga (The British International […]
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GRADE and Sodis will launch the research ‘The education of children with disabilities in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic’
05/10/2021 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm Zoom del Sodis Education and learning
How has the offer of inclusive public education services at the EBE and EBR primary level changed in the context of the pandemic? What has been the impact on the right to education of students with disabilities? GRADE and Sociedad y Discapacidad (Sodis) organize the launch the research paper: “The education of children with disabilities […]
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Gabriela Guerrero was a panelist at the Seminar of the Regional Network for the Measurement of Child Development
30/09/2021 Zoom de REMDI Education and learning
What do we know about the situation of children during the pandemic and what challenges are there in Latin America? Our Senior Researcher Gabriela Guerrero was a panelist at the Seminar of the Regional Network for the Measurement of Child Development (Remdi). Gabriela joined the panel Impacts of the pandemic on child development: implications and urgencies for […]
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Santiago Cueto will be a speaker at Minedu webinar on innovation research at school
24/09/2021 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm Facebook del Minedu Education and learning
Our Executive Director and Senior Researcher at GRADE Santiago Cueto will be a speaker at the pedagogical webinar Research and innovation in school, organized by the Ministry of Education (Minedu). The event will discuss on innovation from educational research, oriented to processes and experiences applicable in the classroom. In addition, sources of information available to […]
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Worldreader CreceLee Case Study Presentation
20/07/2021 6:00 PM - 7:15 pm Zoom de GRADE Education and learning
Schools have been closed for more than a year, causing more than 9.9 million children to be affected. Learn how our pilot CreceLee Peru, Worldreader’s digital reading program, has helped more children continue to read and learn during the pandemic. PANEL Ana María Balbín, author of the study. Santiago Cueto, Executive Director GRADE. Wendy Smith, […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities